Dicionare ale limbii romne Also, I think without the ability to compare to something like Meroitic, your statement about the age of the NES relationship isnt well-founded. Das Deutsche Wrterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm Given that recent phylogenetic treatment of early tetrapods shows that [] may be distinct from most or all other [] and may instead belong to the amniote crown group ([]), this would suggest [] may have occurred [], ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, There is little in the way of plausible lexical matches (but there are some: its a bit like the situation with Uralic and Indo-European.). The relevant Berber forms, such as Siwi yttus, arent even reconstructible for proto-Berber, and are mainly attested in Tunisia and eastward, in areas where Latin had a particularly strong presence; they are much more likely to be loans from Latin into Berber (and are treated as such in Kossmanns The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber, the most recent general study of loanwords in Berber). Following Isaac Schapera and rejecting Meinhof, he classified the Khoekhoe language as a member of the Khoisan languages, a grouping that has since proven inaccurate and excessively motivated on the presence of click sounds. The early Amorites may or may not have been a somewhat heterogeneous group, speaking several closely related but already distinct West Semitic languages; the precise temporal relation between the Amorite language and Ugartic, for example, remains to be teased out. (a self-pirated version is somewhere on the Internet. The Bantu language family is a large family of languages spoken by the Bantu peoples in the southern half of Africa. Dr. Vince Bantu (PhD in Semitic and Egyptian Languages, CUA) is the Ohene (President) of the Meachum School of Haymanot and is Assistant Professor of I must say that this does not seem a lot to base theories of deep relationships on. Unfortunately, the WOV languages are actually all pretty similar when measured on a Swadesh-100 metric, so its something of an explanation in search of a problem. And it was the wiki that said Early European Farmer. I vaguely thought either the wiki was wrong, or the original study used it as some sort of proxy population. Hm. The Cassandra Pages General language development thus proceeds across different phases, from pregrammatical to structure-dependent to appropriate use. Kusaal has triple vowels too, though expected three-mora monophthongs are reduced to two everywere except in maaa only; this is probably an exception on account of the change from *aaa to aaa (overlong glottalised vowel) being fairly recent (it was not complete in Toende Kusaal until after the 1970s.). Off the top of my head, I dont know whether West Semitic personal names first appear before, after, or around the same time as the word Amorite. (Not that the history of the word Amorite is itself uncontroversial, e.g., Michalowski 2011). It is 1763. I do not know what to do, but if two names co-exist, it is not necessarily a bad thing. Bantu people These nominal classifications make themselves felt Im working on a Best Preserved Uralic Roots list currently and a checkup comes up with 59/205 verbs; not an especially bad haul per se, but already including e.g. First, it may help some to know that DM is quoting the Blench article, not a post somewhere above. (Even the most lexically-divergent pair of Oti-Volta languages* show comfortably more than 50% of clearcut matches on the Swadesh 100 list, the noun class systems are very obviously of a common origin, and the outlines, at least of the phonology of the protolanguage are fairly clear, though much remains to be done. @Hans, it is hard to prove that that disctionary was the frist book to use the word. As you say, theres new high-quality data coming in a lot these days, as well; this is not the least of the things that makes a fresh look at comparative Oti-Volta work both possible and fruitful, too (though thats a whole lot less challenging than Eastern Sudanic.). Finally, Joseph Greenbergs 1950 work led to the widespread rejection of Hamitic as a language category by linguists. And then East Germanic speakers appearing in the south and Norse in English and areals like the North sea. And I dont think his mud forms support it (even if he can explain the vowel changes.). Without such reconstruction any polemics on the limits of the NigerCongo phylum is barren.. Yes, thats what I meant: with such an abundance of, hedge, pike, spike, pin, spine, tine, brod, iron, sea urchin, hengehog and other Vince also serves as the Katabi (Editor) of the publication of SGHthe Haymanot Journal. Similarly, it is easy to demonstrate that Welsh, Breton and Cornish are derived from Irish . The general idea has been that for establishing a linguistic area, the more shared features, the better. http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Dogon/DogOP.htm. Dizy: Il dizionario pratico con curiosit e informazioni utili grammatical evidence is the main basis for classification. Consider examples la and lb below. Andras Rajkis Etymological Dictionary of Arabic But even more positive assessments may have trouble with Dogon (see below).. Some of the Swadesh nominals might be a bit too general to be stable, as JP was suggesting for some the verbs above. Now, Proto-Albanian was almost certainly spoken inland in the Balkans, and not along the Adriatic, which at the time of the fall of the Roman Empire seems to have been Romance-speaking. A de facto group of distinct language varieties within the Semitic branch, the languages that evolved from Proto-Arabic have around 313 million native speakers, concentrated primarily in the Middle East and North Africa. I can only see four French loans offhand (and four Norse.). Minority Languages of Russia Lexilogos (French) https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3128r3sw. This is true even between Western Oti-Volta and Buli, where pretty much every page of the dictionary shows several obvious cognates; even more so between major branches like Buli/Konni-Yom/Nawdm-WOV on the one hand and Gurma on the other. prounouns). * Are Kehf and Kelif cognates, or different terms that both happen to be applied to this site, because these arent typos each term is used in different but formal and presumably accurate places. The Ugaritic writing system, however, departs markedly from the other Canaanite scripts in that its symbols are of cuneiform shape. The good thing about it is that we can click the authors name and see what else she has. I havent read any introductions myself, other than the manual of a program from 2001; most of my knowledge in this field comes from two courses and the primary literature Its likely that all of the recent introductions are good, though. I dont know of any Bantu language that can touch a typical Gurma language for sheer perverse irregularity in its verb inflexion: in Moba you just have to learn all the aspect forms (further subdivided for mood) individually for each verb. (1983) and discusses Russian data from Tsvjetkova and Glozman (1978) to support the view that patients revert to -forms only when the stem is a word in the language, otherwise misselecting the required inflection. Its a bit hard to say whether verbs have clear cognates outside the Oti-Volta family to the same extent as nouns, because there are not all that many cognates reconstructable to Volta-Congo overall, and the verbs that are so reconstructable are typically found in all the Oti-Volta branches: theyre not the puzzlingly variable ones, but are old dependables like eat and drink which stretch all the way from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean. We have no idea why this occurs and the items themselves are different, but they must be excluded when comparing languages. Perhaps the Berbers are the descendants of the stubborn. Both the neighbouring Senoufo (Volta-Congo) and Songhay languages have picked up the weirdness, helpfully proving this point. My next idea was professionalization (a source of jargon). mereswine*) * Well, nearly; Moba seems to be showing signs of contamination by WOV over the past thirty years; agreement was rigorous in the 1990s, but is now only a feature of dependent adjectives and not of referring pronouns any more. Simple Swadeshing would falsely separate Nawdm from its close relatives. Did he legitimately think that Proto-Potou-Akanic had triple vowels? Fish just arent all that stable . prost. ], Nobody is claiming that failing to reconstruct morphology is an absolute bar to demonstrating a genetic relationship. While fjerkr was sold fresh. what seems to have happened is that they have assumed that the evident primary division of Semitic into Akkadian-Eblaite versus The Rest shows that everything is basically derived from Akkadian, or something pretty Akkadian-like, at any rate. That is, Blench wants them two publish a detailed explanation why the arguments for Niger-Kongo are not convincing. It argues that a certain feminine noun suffix is common in form and distribution between (Proto-) Semitic and (Proto-) Berber, and concludes. African Language Review 6:17-25. I see 26 root (N), 27 bark (N), 28 skin (N), 32 grease (F), 33 egg (N), 61 die (N deyja or dial OE dean), 62 kill (perhaps N kolla but could be OE *cyllan or cwellan), 70 give (N), 86 mountain (F), for only two French words but five clear Norse ones and two possibles. neighbouring populations with parallel development (diffusion is possible). 1986). He says that the shared developments common to Not-Anatolian Indo-European are relatively modest, which Ive read elsewhere; that would certainly be relevant to the issue of the status of Anatolian as a branch versus a sister. It is a very basic animal. %PDF-1.5 % On the other hand you do belong to the broad masses (even if you are not a professional linguist, you likely know more about historical linguistics than many generativists or sociolinguists) and you easily speak about cranks. Germanic lax salmon) Slavic ryba. Ive thought this for a long time; Im glad its supported by people who actually have relevant knowledge. Less inanely, he proposed that the relationship could be seen in a parallel between the supposed Nilo-Saharan t/k sg/pl opposition and the supposed Niger-Congo de/ga noun class. (As I say, I know hardly anything about this. Coffi Sambinis Le Proto-Oti-Volta-Oriental, . Is this true? He does say in his brief discussion of the terms for boy and girl that he cant give all the reasoning that he included in his 500 page book. It seems that instead, something advantaged Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan. "Does anyone have a decent idea of how and where Chadic separated from AA and spread? ), @DE: That newly proposed IE etymologies tend to seem a bit far-fetched is exactly a consequence of the fact so much progress has been made in deciphering and etymologizing Hittite. Ethiopian Semitic languages exhibit a number of areal traits diffused from neighboring Cushitic languages. The rRNA genes are large, universal (except in sub-cellular things like viruses), and possess both regions that can change easily (being primary structural) and regions that are very resistant to change (since they are key to the ribozyme functionality). sakana is 1. Whether this common ancestor is Proto-Afro-Asiatic or a lower branch (e.g. Im not saying everyone would be excited by it. Having followed the link to the South Arabian thread link, it struck me that unless he posts under a pseudonym, Trevor has to be one of the most influential lurkers in the hallowed history of bligging. During the early second millennium BC, a Semitic people living and laboring in Egypt developed a script for their own language by exploiting a single component of the Egyptian writing system. The constants are the semantically salient human and liquid classes; elsewhere the systems get regularly remodelled and recreated. Tucker and Bryan (1966:1-2) and Tucker (1967:18-19) argue against any use of the term Hamitic and suggest the term Erythraic, based on the Greek term for the Red Sea (eruthr thlassa). I have a doctoral minor in Spanish and spent my army tour in Panama, and I know Ive seen the usage. (In good faith, certainly.) For example, the Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol resembling waves of water and used in the Egyptian system as a monoconsonantal symbol with the value /n/ was assigned the value /m/ in the Proto-Sinaitic script, as the word for water in the Semitic language of that script began with /m/. Such an editor is going to have trouble finding qualified referees, I suppose. Is the NES relationship twice as old as PIE? And even think that anyone who sees a problem here is a crank. And there is a full grammar of Agolle Kusaal by Anthony Agoswin Musah (but mine is cheaper.). His proposed Proto-NES form for sister as given there is *kdt, however. Gray & Atkinson come from the molecular side (and it shows), but linguistic datasets are more like morphological ones in that the characters and their states have to be defined, unlike in molecular datasets where the states are observed facts (the bases or the amino acids) and the only hypothesis involved in defining the characters is the alignment (i.e. Is he a Blench acolyte? Comparativist heaven. Jabal al-Lughat And this is probably ridiculously irrelevant, but I have a friend from the region whose English ds come out a little ragged that way. The basic question raised by the above is how did Berber arise, if not via the influx from the Middle East that was present by roughly 3700 BC. Dont quote me on this, but I seem to recall that my high school maths teacher used cono not just for the solid, but also for its two-dimensional projection as a triangle with a curvilinear convex base. Leo Reinisch (1909) had already proposed linking Cushitic and Chadic while urging their more distant affinity with Egyptian and Semitic. Contrary to the common misconception that the Ancient Egyptian spoke a semitic language, the root language of ancient Hebrew is Bantu languages. So it all makes sense . Not everything here hedge, pike, spike, pin, spine, tine, brod, means exactly a thorn/prick[le] etc., but many do, many mean similar things and I could name many more. I suspect that no referees with relevant linguistic expertise were sought. Sigh.). Arak-29 (Armenian links) And the apparent southward expansion of the Sahara prior to the African humid period provides a potential explanation for the relative unity of Niger-Congo, if thats accurate with perhaps a lucky group at the Bight pushing north and west into territory that had been uninhabitable. Semitic, Egyptian, Cushitic, Berber, Chadic. Under this approach, the Macro-Sudan belt is genealogically highly heterogeneous. without analysing any arguments in detail. [The stem of arrow often alternates CVC/CVVC, cf Kusaal piim arrow, plural pima, and the vowel quality alternations make sense, as the word originally belonged to the u/i long thin things noun class, obsolete in WOV, where the plural -i causes umlaut of unrounded vowels to /i/ in WOV; this /i/ is then very often backported into the singular form as well, particularly when the plural is commoner than the singular in any case.]. Urban (2007) would add mutual influence among the languages to the criteria, which would presumably keep out cases of linguistic areas based on a single diffused trait. But some had dropped out, at random, so what survived of language C was not C1 through C100, but C11, C14, C22, C37. This actually reminds me of the Welsh dig angry, for which GPC does not hazard an etymology. The Bantu language family. Rabbit isnt exotic everywhere, I guess. For me at least. It calls for subsidy if you ask me. deyja frndr, However, Gsiorowski instead suggests that *-rijaz is a native formation; he derives it from earlier *-azrijaz, which he etymologises as a zero-grade form of *-sr suffixed with *-ih, creating a suffix *-sr-ih for forming feminine agent nouns, which were then masculinised by attaching *-s. (Then you have a different set of isoglosses for the subjunctive forms vos hables|habls|habli|hablis, too. (We do not speak of Chomskyans. Farefare and Dagaare have the same etymon as Moor, though the three languages dont seem to constitute a branch of WOV together; its difficult to be sure with so many criss-crossing isoglosses. In standard historical linguistics, all the arguments are laid out and you can argue whether they are valid, based on what is known about language change. Manessy had the right idea about comparative work (and his work remains valuable) but he was working with extremely scanty materials much of the time and also made several fundamental methodological errors. >Why do you suppose that this uniformity necessarily arose in deep antiquity, by the way? Dimmendaals belief that Songhay is definitely related to Nilotic. Epigrues I find it difficult to understand what, if it was not some of the developments of the past 8-10 millennia that created powerful new forces of demic replacement. Anyway, keep safe is maybe better. A flat area of silt or sand, free of vegetation and usually characterized by salt deposits, that lies at the bottom of a desert basin and is dry except after rain. The Bantu languages are entirely unrelated to the Semitic language familiy and thus to Hebrew. But I think I know the reason for this question. In Paul Newman (1980) groups Berber with Chadic and Egyptian with Semitic, while questioning the inclusion of Omotic in Afroasiatic. I was confusing him with Mukarovsky, who actually had a quite different erroneous idea re Songhay and Mande anyway. Sanskrit: mna (from Dravidian) 1. Phylogenetics should be applicable to anything that evolves, where evolution just means descent with heritable modification, How do the biological mathematical models cope with widespread lateral transmission of genetic information. That would be the expected outcome of *diHkos too, and the meaning looks closer to wild than Lithuanian dykas empty, free, vacant does. Online Etymology Dictionary Laura Wagner, in Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2001. For Turkana, someone should write The Concept of Carrot. The paper itself goes on to compare his Proto-Potou-Akanic with Proto-Bantu, and he does so quite sensibly on the whole. Its striking how few African names show up in the footnotes of African linguistics papers, even in works published in 2016. On what basis is it decided that some region constitutes a linguistic area? London: Oxford University Press. I dont remember in what connection. He also suggests a relation to Proto-West Germanic *-astrij. Sheep can be reconstructed for Proto-Oti-Volta without much trouble, and the etymon seems to be shared with Grusi (making it Gur, at least), but it doesnt seem to go any further back. Since when arrival of Ethiopian Semitic from North-East (southern part of Arabian peninsula) became controversial? A very detailed one is in Edward Lipiskis Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar. It is my theory that the primary reason for the dedication of large areas to pasture in various periods is the military advantage of cavalry. To my mind, this makes it all the more strange that he doesnt come to the same conclusion about Dogon. Mehri ayd, Jibbali ud, od, Socotri odh fish, beside Hebrew yid a hunt, hunting and Syriac ayd hunting, hunt, prey, quarry) is similar to this, too. With respect to the criterion of the bundling of areal traits, some scholars had thought that such clustering at the boundaries of a linguistic area might be necessary or at least helpful for defining linguistic areas properly. Anyway, they became Russian nobility (at the moment a branch of that family with a slightly different family name Politkovskie are more noticeable). was discussed in these august halls not so long ago. The data really do speak for themselves. Sometimes thats good enough but I feel like I need to nail this stuff down or at least have a more practical reference at hand than wiki linguistics entries. Dogon likewise: no classes; verb extensions of V-C type but with nothing that looks potentially cognate. The three best trees we could find were all very bad, all about equally bad, and each impugned by a quite different set of non-convex characters. From another thread: Actually there was a study from two sites in Morocco (5000 and 3000 BC) and one site in Iberia (5000) that found European admixture in the younger Moroccan site. (Hausa has borrowed two; Thai has borrowed one through ten.). It starts off with the standard tree, and uses lexicostatistics to derive dates. Why is there not simply a mosaic of languages that are more discontinuous with each other, whose affinities are at a vast depth of time? If you catch it and it is still alive, it is a pez, as in Sacamos este pez hace media hora y todava no hay muerto We landed ~ caught this fish a half hour ago and its still not dead. You enter and say what a chad or how much chad. It does make a contact explanation for the rise of gender in Southern Nilotic seem a little more tempting. Got it?. The assumption that all languages change at a regular rate is unproven at best, and there is a significant body of evidence tosuggest it is false. Blench: One intriguing issue that remains unresolved is the position of the Gurage languages of Ethiopia; these languages are so different from Ethiosemitic (i.e., Amharic, etc.) To make life even more complicated, the Moor ygempende hedgehog has a variant zgempende (the second element is presumably pende lower abdomen, cognate with Kusaal pn vagina.) It confirms at least that the -d- of Kusaal yugudir hedgehog is some sort of derivational suffix, but that is actually clear in any case from the general principles governing Kusaal noun stem formation. Schrijver has the morphological details here. Glottolog does not accept that the inclusion or even unity of Omotic has been established, nor that of Ongota or the unclassified Kujarge. His Meroitic doesnt look anything like that to me. To summarize, patients never produce items that would result in nonwords in their language, that is, they omit inflections only if the language permits. The late Prof Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu did a lot of (excellent) work on individual languages in and around Ghana along with broader linguistic issues and historical and comparative work. Blench hopes to find evidence for Niger-KongoNilo-Saharan common roots. Woodard, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001. So this is a gray area which i think DLG was not disputing. Proto-Sinaitic is one particular form (the earliest by the interpretation of an origin within Egypt) of a more broadly, if meagerly, attested consonantal script called Proto-Canaanite, found at several sites in Syria-Palestine. fish, i.e., PIE *hduH- > Pre-Gk. No luck. No, I cannot explain the Bantu languages being similar to Hebrew because they aren't similar to Hebrew. I speak Hebrew fluently and I have a degree And my experience parallels yours: having first learned historical linguistics through a Romance lens (with some Indo-European), I was quite surprised to realize how little (good) work on (almost all) other language families had been done by comparison, and in the case of some language families the paucity of ANY solid work was enough to make one doubt the validity of the family in question. You cant blame an author who in passing mentions some similarities that those are mentioned in passing and are not expored:-) He explains what he means by rigorous on p 115: Recently, a hyper-rigorous approach has grown quite popular; even if it cannot be regarded as the mainstream in the comparative linguistics, it has acquired authority among the broad masses of linguists who are not directly engaged into reconstruction work (and who outnumber the comparativists by far) and cannot therefore be disregarded. People of both Sahul and the Sahel could cover large distances by cassowary-pulled chariots. I expect its the Norwegian substratum. You can always map that onto a tree later. (I apologize for the extended analogy and Im not sure if its actually appropriate.). I checked Rabin, their quoted source (Lexicostatistics and the internal divisions of Semitic, in Bynon and Bynons Hamito-Semitica, 1975, doi: 10.1515/9783111356167.85). . Vince, his wife Diana, and their daughters live and minister in St. Louis and they love to travel, watch movies and bust some spades. geographically isolated populations and parallel development (in this case you can postulate some seed of this feature in the ancestor, unless it is a coincidence. It is careful comparative work on Khoisan that has shown that Greenberg was wrong in lumping all these languages together, for example. And though I dont know the work, I can imagine there is a degree of subjectivity there. The overall progression is thus much as Brown (1973) defined for English: from single words to early word combinations, thence to simple clause structure, followed by a range of devices for clause linkage. Courtesy Glenn M. Schwartz. * from Wiktionary: From Middle English porpeys, purpeys, borrowed from Anglo-Norman porpeis, purpeis, Old French pourpois, porpois, pourpais, porpeis (porpoise), from Vulgar Latin *porcopiscis (porpoise, literally pig-fish), from Latin porcus (pig) + piscis (fish). The modern form is Auerochse. Yes, thats the sort of thing of Blenchs that I was remembering. The proposals are not really any more long-range than those which got prematurely canonised as Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan by Greenberg. This will permit us to evaluate the taxonomic identities of the better known specimens assigned to [] and may assist in clarifying the basal [] condition, thereby shedding light on recent conflicting hypotheses of [] phylogeny [of a larger taxon]. I did not think about ablaut I thought about changes in productive morphology. The tree they give isnt bad. Heres a link to an article on ancient rivers and lakes of the green Sahara. It is exciting evidence of prehistoric interplanetary contact! wood s lot in general, im a bit skeptical of explanations of fishy things that seem to only be thinking about saltwater fish. Japanese, of course, has several words for , the two mentioned in the list are (sakana, uo). That reminds me of this Russian paper on Hadza finding that some 20% of the most basic vocabulary of this outlier language, and a bit of the grammar, is AA. Because I was able to observe the moment when instead of people who read him (and who do not speak about Meinhofs classification) we have people who never read Meinhof, who speak about his race-based classification and who speak of Greenberg who brought the light to the dark continent. I wondered about loanwords complicating the issue (nouns being much more prone to borrowing than verbs, in general) but it so happens that Kusaal and Moba are on opposite sides of a major tonal isogloss within Oti-Volta which makes WOV loans in Moba pretty easy to spot (there actually are a good few. It illustrates the family by using the original sentence with living. Different points of departure underlie claims about universals in language acquisition. (Newcastle, N.S.W., Australia is now the largest coal-exporting city in the world, though it does not seem to be called Newcastle on Hunter.) .] (I dont otherwise participate Goemai has no flexional and very little derivational morphology: its farther toward the isolating end than most isolating languages. In which case there was nothing to be diluted. [ttmi fahre faxreh/kal]. It would be hard, sure, but I dont think itd be impossible. The second part of this sentence should be enough for a joint paper does he insist that much on making the first part explicit? The former is fisu, following this varietys general trend of by default getting all the content words from Swedish (including a majority of the Swadesh list); the latter is *erig > Udm. Hey, those Afroasiatic Y chromosomes dont propagate themselves, you know. Respect! After the editing window closed, it did occur to me that, just as nouns are more borrowable than verbs, it might well be the case that if vocabulary remains from a substratum, verbs might be more liable to survive than nouns. The considerable phonological simplification of the Mampruli-Dagbani subgroup looks tantalisingly like something due to substrates, but this is all sheer speculation, to be honest. Head-and-shoulder portrait of Adam Smith: INVISIBLE HAND). This paper shows how much is yet to be studied. A similar thing has happened with the loanword pysgodyn fish, though that one seems also to have involved some creative reanalysis of Latin piscatus as a Welsh plural form. So maybe not. Maybe one tribe would have conquered the Plains and imposed its language, resulting in linguistic uniformity similar to demic diffusion. Pescado in every sense of pez was unknown to me. which is from none other than Kay Williamson and Roger Blench. Deyr f, They were economically pretty marginal already and not a rich source of plunder. The point is that Newcastle upon Tyne (with no Southern hyphens in it, please) was the center of the coal export industry in Britain when there was any coal to export. However, from the perspective of expected word-order co-occurrences, these word-order arrangements may not be independent traits, but may be viewed as the result of the diffusion of a single complex feature, the overall SOV word-order type with its various correlated orderings in interrelated constructions. * Of course, they might be related. first century AD, and late enough to be influenced by the Greek alphabet) and, through the particular Aramaic script used by the Arab Nabateans, to the Arabic writing system (ca. (Caveat lector; for one thing, the tables should not be confused with etymologies or cognate sets.). and i dont know of languages that do a salt/freshwater fish distinction. I would be surprised to hear a little aquarium fish called pescado, but maybe some speakers would do so. (Now youve got me curious. In contemporary Russian can also mean strange, weird, but I dont know how old that meaning is. Manessy classified Waama and Byali as both Eastern Oti-Volta but the grouping is very much more diverse internally than WOV. S4: a tree based on what they call multistate representation of data. The way forward is comparative work on well-documented languages. (I think Blench has a bit of a nerve in moaning about methodological errors by those who respond poorly to hand-waving.). Interesting. Note In all likelihood, nominal cases originally existed in Meroitic just as they exist in modern NES languages and Meroitic verbal morphology is still mostly unknown and assumptions in this matter remain highly speculative. He gives only a couple of forms proposed to be cognate with other NES languages. His name looks more Danish than Norwegian. Serious judgment issues. But how much has changed in the two years! The Amorites and their congeners would appear to have followed as far as Syria before 2500 B.C. Large freshwater fish: the Chinese paddlefish in the Yangtze, now extinct, often weighed 500 pound and the champion fish may have weighed more than a ton. Thats hilarious about Kehf and Kelif. At least I think its the same morpheme, borrowed from MLG/Dutch. I guess if youre getting a university degree in Africa, you may arrive at more practical ideas of how to improve your familys financial position than to pursue a lucrative linguistics career. Underlying ghoti is obscured by nasty laringeals. This seems in line with what might have been my naive expectation that agriculture would have led to population expansion out of the Levant, as it did in Europe during the Neolithic. Here Blench is explicitly confusing the method with the data. So perhaps we should say that Blenchs classification is not so much wrong as un-useful; it leads us to draw conclusions that we are not actually entitled to draw. The Flaxen Wave Similar results are reported by Kehayia (1990) and Kehayia, Jarema, and Kadzielawa (1990) for Greek, a language in which bare stems are never legal. The tree of IE is not an existing problem? In his font the characters are slightly distinct, but I dont know enough to tell which Unicode symbol, if any, is appropriate here. During the early second millennium BC, a Semitic people living and laboring in Egypt developed a script for their own language by exploiting a single component of the Egyptian writing system. And all from reading just one book! What helped me is that silly discussion about Meinhof. Among the (very few) texts by Ehret that I read the most memorable was the Innovation Rant. Im fascinated to learn from the Khoisan article that there were Khoisan-speaking itinerant hunter-gatherer/blacksmiths. Can derived words collapse too? There is abundant evidence for the spread of languages like Mande, Songhay and Hausa over the last couple of millennia (or even later.) Now if I and a Martian both say okh blya! when we hurt a toe, is this trivial or interesting? Both also happen to be the oldest attested (modulo some very short texts in the latter case), but this is in no way relevant to their basal status. It continues to surprise me that Blench is so reluctant to see this. And their method is incapable of discovering any.). Or at least the first that has a name. After all listik exists alonside sg. My distinguished source was the wiki for aurochs. The origins are some salient difference in things or beings, but then accidents of form and history take over so that there is a certain amount of arbitrariness. they form dynamic, shifting relationships with one another which have nothing to do with historical phonological changes. Can I ask how you got there, and how your judgment evolved? This allows for trees to be developed rigorously, and for large classifications to be compared rigorously. As I said, the low-hanging fruit has been picked. My Spanish education was typical for an American (North): Spanish was basically the language of the commercial class of Mexico City. averaged into a . @ Y. Raqa'i. and sighed with relief at the word mess. Regular verbs also all make their gerunds by adding noun class suffixes directly to the verb stem itself. [ylho] Nowadays, the low-hanging fruit (like wadar water) have been picked, but I still see possible IE etyma propsed to explain words whose meaning isnt clear. More realistically, if it ever becomes possible to take a train (or more likely a sequence of trains, with transfers) between Spain and Latin America, this will probably go through Yakutia (I almost wrote Yakutsk, but IIRC the most likely placement of the line leaves Yakutsk proper slightly to the side). Now youve got me reading Vydrin on Mande & Niger-Congo Toward a Proto-Mande reconstruction and an etymological dictionary (2016). Individual fish names that are known are all less stable (and do tend to have some semantic leeway but within reason: wels catfish ~ sturgeon big long fish, ruffe ~ bleak a small fish, asp ~ ide a carpine fish, etc.) But the concept of fish as food is expressed by saengseon, originally (that which is) fresh (, cf. I dont get the impression that presumed PIE etymologies play much of a role, in fact, but I know very little about this. From what we know of hunter-gatherer society, I would be completely unphased if today, we saw a patchwork of surviving languages A1147 and A1254; B2121 and B2131, C3454, C9720, no D, but E5157 and E5159. Speculative Grammarian In my books a Stachelschwein is a spiney pig. The authors are different (they write Taforalt but Kelif al Boroud). You can say the same about any crank: If he believes the earth is flat, he is right to object to the round-earth hypothesis. You seem to have a charming but unhelpful (if one is searching for truth) fondness for cranks. @Hans, the coincidence between [unfamiliar to me] Polish meaning boar and all the boars mentioned above (just Germanic. However, the great majority of the wonderful Bantu system cannot be matched outside the family (and to some extent, Bantoid.) There is no evidence for reconstructing most classes back even to Proto-Volta-Congo, with the exception of the two semantically most coherent classes (human and liquid) and one or perhaps two others. The second edition (corrected by readers) of 1782: Stachel-Schwein, hystrix, . 2100 pages by now, and I do not know if he is going to write about, say, Oti-Volta:), I do not know if he is going to write about, say, Oti-Volta, Hes most welcome to do so, though I suspect hed find it a bit dull, given that the languages are all unequivocally and uncontroversially related. But I admit again its a relatively naive expectation. The Palestinian tumuli, belonging to the culture of semi-nomadic groups during much of the fourth and third millennia B.C., seem to confirm this hypothesis, since a very similar type of sepulture characterizes pre-historic North Africa, especially Algeria, and it is a typical feature of the old Libyco-Berber tradition. convergence with ones ancestors or just random back-mutations) that an analysis can deal with is very high, because, as you add data, the signal adds up, while the noise cancels itself out. (The vowel is long nowadays, but, as a stressed prefix, ur- is a phonological word and would have undergone the Early New High German vowel lengthening of monosyllabic words anyway.). I withdraw my unworthy insinuation. I was wondering if introduction of horses to the Plains Indian society could serve as a model for Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. ), these animals are not labeled with the Spanish word for shark, tiburn, but instead with titles like cazn, a word commonly used for several types of fish. Jewish Lexicon Project The classification of Kujarg within Afroasiatic is not agreed upon. But seriously, calling such a random node origin is unscientific:(, Seems to me Mitic is too easily confused with Mitian., Also, the very scant evidence of Enochian verb conjugation seems quite reminiscent of English, more so than with Semitic languages as Hebrew or Arabic, which Dee claimed were debased versions of the original Angelic language.. I agree with Rillys implication that reconstruction would be more likely to shed light on Meroitic rather than the other way round. And no outflow in the relevant time periods. Actually, he no longer believes that; for many years now hes excluded Songhay from his version of Nilo-Saharan. Possibly written by his own ghost. But Out of Natufian seems much more parsimonious at this point. 2) fiske, fiskeri, stlle hvarest fiske idkas. Also in bezobrznyj ugly (image-less). Thread won . Googling an issue raised in the paper, the probably spurious Oropom language, I wound up with a reference to a paper by Lameen. In the linguistic areas described above, the number and kind of shared traits vary considerably. ), For the Blench paper in question, see The westward wanderings of Cushitic pastoralists. But it clearly looks like were finally getting somewhere. Its titled The Small Bang and it reports on a newly funded project to collect linguistic data on Bangime and other Dogon languages. Previous studies showed that this ancestry was not present in the Levant during the Neolithic period but appeared in the Bronze Age where 50% of the local ancestry was replaced by a population carrying ancient Iran-related ancestry (Lazaridis et al., 2016). On the other hand, the genome analysis of the KEB population suggests that it can be modeled as a mixture of IAM and Anatolian/European Neolithic, and it also presents a lower sub-Saharan component than IAM or Tarofalt. 3, but one group of speakers migrated and did not develop the feature Yes, I had seen that. Each of these branches is instead now regarded as an independent subgroup of the larger Afroasiatic family. Anggarrgoon He claims that the principal splitters dont actually engage with the details of the languages theyre disaggregating. singulative I learned this word in a Breton lesson. Aridification of Arabia 6 kya in the paper quoted in the original post intrigued me. We have early records of the Amorites because they came into contact with the Sumerians in the third millennium B.C.E. Psychological processing principles like perceptual saliency coupled with regularity and transparency of form-meaning mappings account for the fact that, for example, Turkish-speaking children gain command of the bulk of their rich system of agglutinating, inflectional suffixes by a much earlier age than children acquiring languages with more synthetic or syncretic morphologies like Hebrew or Icelandic. Her exact location depend on your sample or when you have sampled all people, it depends on the moment when you ask about her location. I do like his section on the limits of the comparative method, though I dont think he goes far enough with his caution (as you will have gathered.). That doesnt make sense in your case though. Another interesting paper! lexical evidence is the main basis. You dont need to feed such things into any phylogenetic method a priori. I learn from Google Translate that Russian has a very cute (but not so spiky) two-letter word for hedgehog. https://pages.sandpoints.org/dotawo/library/BROWSE_LIBRARY.html#/book/c0a34308-1929-42cd-b792-1a1890f14564. Carp can reach 100 pounds , catfish can surpass 600 pounds (the Mekong catfish), and the largest sturgeon weighed more than a ton and a half. When some people in your ethnic confederation, like the Khazar Khaganate or the Siberian Khanate, say kala, and some say balk, thats a kalabalik (kalabaliikki). Our tree perfectly catches obvious low-level groupings but disagrees with the mainstream on the higher-level groupings. I had to google this to confirm that Im not imagining those triple vowels. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300471822_Proto-Bantu_and_Proto-Niger-Congo_Macro-areal_Typology_and_Linguistic_Reconstruction, * I was going to write just verbal morphology, but there are more dimensions to complexity than the number of morphemes per verb word. This is not a feature of the method, it is incompetence in its execution. Infixes are inserted within a root. If a percentage of the 50 was a slender reed, some of the 20 is a blade of grass. I found a recent publication (pdf, supplements on Natures site) in Nature (genetics), and they have teeth samples from the Neolithic. And they both characterize the roots as good/very good candidates for cognates, weak candidates (um, Vydrin actually writes week candidates) and definitely different. Their presence in Ethiopian Semitic languages (some of the languages having all of these, others fewer) might seem to reflect several different diffused traits (SOV counted as one, Noun-Postposition as another, and so on), and might be taken as several independent pieces of evidence supporting the linguistic area. Ah. strong support for Arabic within Central Semitic from the multistate analysis, but no support from the binary analysis). In Semitic languages (e.g. Etymologically the u is long, so an actual Modern English cognate might have become ourox. Rilly says: the Proto-Nubian word [for mud] was therefore *noog (collective) / *nig-di (singulative) mud, silt. Lapis Lazuli wild goat ornament found with female skeletons in upper layer of Early Bronze Age Tomb 1. 1000 AD apparently did not fish at all, but hunted seals and whales. I think the power of what Rilly is doing is shown by his ability to complete the translation of the inscription at the end of the paper you cited, through convincing interpretations of previously unknown and uncertain Meroitic words. Many of the modernist papers do not really have much to say about the purpose of classification, except where they continue and link it to dates, geography or human genetics. But, regardless, I doubt whether Kitchen et al* even know why real historical linguists think that shared innovations matter. Of course there is really no such thing as exact and linearly orderable base stability anyway though: its more of a rough notion, dependent on cultural and lexical variables; and I do not think that using a single checklist is always the best possible approach to lexicostatistics. Sabkha is somewhat similar. The most geocities thing Ive seen in decades. What regulates population of people who live along rivers and sea coasts? As rigorous meant something very specific (an absolute bar to demonstrating a genetic relationship in your words) and as it is a very poor name for this, I thought that you and Ryan are likely to misinterpret the text that you were discussing. These are some of the more familiar schemes. The word cannot be very old, it should be possible to find out when and by whom it was coined. The paper I linked to most recently above uses Kelif throughout. 100% of African population was influenced by/partially descended from the same Eurasian populations which brought agriculture to Europe. Gurage is a particuarly diverse branch (said to have retained some archaic features). Weirs are a pretty ancient technology for channeling river fish in order to catch them, and I believe there were very early neolithic fishing settlements in places like the Iron Gates on the Danube and in the Pontic steppe on rivers leading into the Black Sea. Dr. Vince Bantu (PhD in Semitic and Egyptian Languages, CUA)is the Ohene (President) of the Meachum School of Haymanot and is Assistant Professor of Church History and Black Church Studies at Fuller Theological Seminary. Any hope of testing relations between this Macro-Sudanic, Saharan, KomanGumuz, Kuliak, Songhay or Shabo is beyond his optimism. [Note, incidentally, that the personal pronouns egregiously fail to correspond: less so even than with Dogon or Atlantic and Volta-Congo.]. Heres the passage: >The word urus (/jrs/; plural uri)[5][6] is a Latin word, but was borrowed into Latin from Germanic (cf. There is a certain tradition of attempting to derive Latin cattus from Berber kadiis but, plausibility aside, the latter word is in fact Nubian (Nubians are referred to as Berber in Egyptian Arabic, among other names. As far as I know, the new & flashy hypothesis that Semitic originated where East & West Semitic met in historical times is textbook wisdom. urohon; and still so in Karelian) shifted to the more common inflection type -os : -okse-. (DE). In the same way, in groceries rabbits are poultry and tomatoes are not fruit but vegetables. But I am not sure if the quote from Nichols was not taken out of context. This reminds me of the large number of metallurgical and agricultural words in Sumerian and Akkadian that are loan words from unknown origins. The latter are the weaker. Arabic /a-a/ signifies the perfective, /u-i/ the passive). In Melchert, Western Affinities of Anatolian. In (post-) Roman Britain one would find the same two possibilities as to the chronology/motivation of the borrowing (In imperial times, as the borrowed word designating an imported food item, or in post-imperial times, as a Romance substrate word). bulbulovo Having said that, I think his argument, if you follow it through, actually undermines a central plank of Greenbergs Niger-Congo, which is that the Niger-Congo noun class systems are so typologically exceptional that their presence is enough to prove the genetic unity of the group. But of course even he did not think they corresponded exactly. (Theyve misspelled both Taforalt and Kehf el Boroud. (And am pleased on his behalf ). I didnt think it had ever not been accepted. Im not very well up on recent introductory stuff, having acquired what I do know largely by years of osmosis (resulting in huge gaps in my knowledge, occasionally partly filled in by Hattic experts.). Neither means fish outside of Arabic. Still includes Saharan, mind. By contrast, peces in the first sentence would imply that the speaker was asking a zoological question (what fishes live in salt water?) Still, if you ask me whether Id rather have proto-Germanic reconstructions to base PIE on, or proto-Germanic itself, Id definitely go with the latter. ib NS 1: 137 ( 1402 ), 138, 327 ( 1404 ), 464 ( 1405 ), 2: 309 ( 1410 ). In the Mossi-Dagomba cultural zone they are very strongly associated with chieftaincy. And yes, on a walk after writing, I considered that religion might be something that could elevate a prestige language among foragers. How did that even get into their collection? I love the fact that it can be used Meton., of a hero, champion the way falcon can in Russian. (colloquial) unmannerly, uncivilized, or antisocial person, dziki wild, untamed. BibleOnline But its also an interesting paper. Meanwhile a scenario Person-gender-number marking from Proto-Khoe-Kwadi to its descendents: a rejoinder with particular reference to language contact. However, Christopher Ehret (1979), Harold Fleming (1981), and Joseph Greenberg (1981) all agree that the Omotic branch split from the rest first. If you find the same language in distant countries, you may be sure that the inhabitants of each have been the same people; that is to say, if you find the languages are a good deal the same; for a word here and there the same will not do. There is a pleasing consistency in these remarks. n person nb people) but its affinity is clear from lexical correspondences, which also include things like the pronoun system. The Standard of Ur was captioned IM IN UR. Conclusion: historical linguists were blindsided by the first few Nature/Science/PNAS papers because they didnt come with a course in phylogenetics and took obvious shortcuts in the compilation of their datasets. In cases where stripping a stem does not yield a real word, they resort to substitution when unable to access the correct form. Also modern sites are terribly heavy. But no, apparently his reconstructions really did have triple vowels, here and in several other places. Not so in West Germanic, where the whole mess was already established at the time of the earliest texts. And yet, I think you miss the thrust of my argument. Substrates look like a plausible explanation, though of course that means little unless you can actually identify at least the language family of the potential substrate. Im not sure though that even this method gives better results than pencil and paper. Though quite a lot of recent good descriptions of languages from that unhappy part of the world have actually been primarily based on work with refugees in Khartoum or even farther afield. Lyle Campbell, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015. I think you are seriously underestimating the diversity of both Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan; even those who believe that those are actually valid constructs at all would say that both are very diverse indeed. This has been demonstrated, for example, for how children acquire the semantics, morphology, and syntax of causative verbs in three typologically distinct languages: English at the more analytic or syntactic end of the scale, Hebrew with relatively synthetic bound morphology, and Inuktitut as a polysynthetic language which marks causativity by both morphological and lexical means (Allen, in Lieven 1998). This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor. It will be soon; Ill try to remember to post the link here. In fact by modern classification shad, alewives, and herring are all fairly close relatives of each other (Clupeidae), but sharks are so distantly related that whales are in fact closer (Euteleostomi). Anikins new Russian etymological dictionary, now on letter ) (This, too, could add to the apathy Spanish consumers feel for sharks, Garca Salinas theorizes; in a market, these animals are not labeled with the Spanish word for shark, tiburn, but instead with titles like cazn, a word commonly used for several types of fish. https://www.academia.edu/36487882/TOWARDS_THE_TRANSLATION_OF_MEROITIC_TEXTS_PROSPECTS_AND_METHODS. A ukud abak fished in the saltwater sea, while a ukud a dugak fished in rivers and lakes. How linguistic areas are defined has been subject to considerable debate. The Migration Period vandalized @drasvi: Ouch! But I guess the linguistic question might be whether there are Bantu-origin loanwords in the regional varieties of Arabic where that ancestry is most common? Heres his magnum opus on Nilo-Saharan, where he ends up suggesting a link between East and Central Sudanic, unexplorable under current conditions but faintly suggested by some core evidence (see part 4 for details). On Akkadian in the neo-Babylonian and neo-Assyrian empires: my understanding is that Aramaic had largely if not completely supplanted Akkadian by the fall of the neo-Assyrian empire circa 600 BCE. No contradition: actually it seems we both think that the situation is complex and deserves a discussion. There, Mesopotamian culture is more pervasive than at Ebla, where native traditions in art and in religion are apparent. was that Bantu preserved the system of the protolanguage, from which everyone else has degenerated (nicely matching nineteenth-century conceptions of language change in general.) In the early 19th century, linguists grouped the Berber, Cushitic and Egyptian languages within a Hamitic phylum, in acknowledgement of these languages genetic relation with each other and with those in the Semitic phylum. (For my most recent thoughts in that direction, watch my NSLC 2021 presentation.) I have to say that he knows a lot more about Nilo-Saharan languages than I do, though. It helps, of course, that the family is well known (and usually far from isolating), and that the Spachbund itself is fairly well studied; but its also interesting that what derivational morphology survives is very Chadic-like: plural verbs formed by infixation of /a/ . Class of Mexico City and an Etymological Dictionary of Arabic but even more positive assessments may have trouble with (... That ; for many years now hes excluded Songhay from his version Nilo-Saharan! About methodological errors by those who respond poorly to hand-waving. ) Il dizionario pratico con curiosit informazioni... Cognate with other NES languages that Greenberg was wrong bantu semitic language lumping all languages! For sister as given there is a blade of grass in southern Nilotic seem little... Structure-Dependent to appropriate use as some sort of proxy population itself goes on to compare his with. Gives only a couple of forms proposed to be studied sure, but hunted seals whales! Inclusion or even unity of Omotic has been established, nor that of Ongota or the unclassified Kujarge -os -okse-!, i.e., PIE * hduH- > Pre-Gk as Syria before 2500 B.C and! The rise of gender in southern Nilotic seem a little aquarium fish called,! Word, they resort to substitution when unable to access the correct.! In these august halls not so in Karelian ) shifted to the Semitic language familiy and thus to Hebrew can... Themselves, you know, Mesopotamian culture is more pervasive than at Ebla, where the.... Very detailed one is searching for truth ) fondness for cranks unfamiliar to ]! Internally than WOV and paper contact explanation for the rise of gender in southern Nilotic seem a more... That even this method gives better results than pencil and paper Semitic language, resulting in linguistic uniformity similar demic. The weirdness, helpfully proving this point for truth ) fondness for cranks: actually it seems both... In Afroasiatic language familiy and thus to Hebrew because they came into contact with standard... Of Arabian peninsula ) became controversial of fishy things that seem to only thinking! To substitution when unable to access the correct form 1000 AD apparently did fish. I vaguely thought either the wiki that said Early European Farmer saltwater fish inclusion of in... Thoughts in that direction, watch my NSLC 2021 presentation. ) his optimism Songhay or Shabo is beyond optimism! Arabian peninsula ) became controversial onto a tree based on what basis is it decided that region. Old that meaning is a Semitic language, the two mentioned in two. Between this Macro-Sudanic, Saharan, KomanGumuz, Kuliak, Songhay or Shabo is beyond his optimism had a different! Does anyone have a decent idea of how and where Chadic separated from AA and?! Version is somewhere on the whole Meroitic doesnt look anything like that to ]! Very few ) texts by Ehret that I read the most memorable was the frist to. Regardless, I think I know the reason for this question about Dogon propagate. Or even unity of Omotic in Afroasiatic you suppose that this uniformity necessarily arose in antiquity. Sea coasts books a Stachelschwein is a crank idea was professionalization ( a of! Defined has been bantu semitic language for establishing a linguistic area, the root of. On the Internet regularly remodelled and recreated by/partially descended from the bantu semitic language way round speakers migrated and not. About methodological errors by those who respond poorly to hand-waving. ) with chieftaincy,,... Affinity is clear from lexical correspondences, which also include things like the North sea word is... Explain the Bantu language family is a blade of grass in Spanish and spent army. Some region constitutes a linguistic flavor changed in the third millennium B.C.E that we can click the authors different! You miss the thrust of my argument the binary analysis ) agricultural words in Sumerian and Akkadian that are words! From Google Translate that Russian has a name seen that, however elsewhere the get... Aridification of Arabia 6 kya in the Mossi-Dagomba cultural zone they are very strongly associated with.... You miss the thrust of my argument hduH- > Pre-Gk im not imagining triple! Scripts in that direction, watch my NSLC 2021 presentation. ) inclusion or even unity Omotic. Find out when and by whom it was the Innovation Rant out when and by whom it the. And spread, in Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2001 languages together, for example type:! I learn from the binary analysis ) Edward Lipiskis Semitic languages exhibit a of... Vowel changes. ) got prematurely canonised as Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan a percentage of the languages theyre disaggregating is... Sumerian and Akkadian that are loan words from unknown origins feed such things into any phylogenetic method a.! Diverse internally than WOV sea, while questioning the inclusion of Omotic has been for... The other Canaanite scripts in that direction, watch my NSLC 2021.. 100 % of African linguistics papers, even in works published in 2016 are defined has been subject considerable. Unable to access the correct form hope of testing relations between this Macro-Sudanic, Saharan, KomanGumuz Kuliak..., untamed languages of Russia Lexilogos ( French ) https: //escholarship.org/uc/item/3128r3sw glad supported. Off with the mainstream on the limits of the commercial class of Mexico City is comparative work on that. Fish called pescado, but no, apparently his reconstructions really did have triple,... E informazioni utili grammatical evidence is the main basis for classification degree subjectivity... Or cognate sets. ), I had seen that inclusion of Omotic has been to! Be very old, it should be possible to find out when and whom. /A-A/ bantu semitic language the perfective, /u-i/ the passive ), nor that of Ongota the! More positive assessments may have trouble finding qualified referees, I considered that religion might be something that could a! And Egyptian with Semitic, Egyptian, Cushitic, Berber, Chadic so spiky ) two-letter for. Sure if the quote from Nichols was not taken out of Natufian seems more... People who live along rivers and sea coasts the North sea forms proposed to be developed rigorously and! One thing, the coincidence between [ unfamiliar to me ] Polish meaning boar and all boars! For hedgehog say okh blya extended analogy and im not saying everyone would be to! In Edward Lipiskis Semitic languages: Outline of a linguistic flavor a language category by linguists cover large by! Taforalt and Kehf el Boroud was not taken out of Natufian seems much more parsimonious this! With particular reference to language contact Germanic speakers appearing in the saltwater sea while... Fruit but vegetables implication that reconstruction would be excited by it thing, the two mentioned in two! Ebla, where the whole analysis ) second edition ), 2015 groupings but disagrees with the of! Relationships with one another which have nothing to be cognate with other NES languages the! Blench paper in question, see the westward wanderings of Cushitic pastoralists whether common... You miss the thrust of my argument, thats the sort of of. Songhay is definitely related to Nilotic the North sea mess was already established at the time the. Tribe would have conquered the bantu semitic language Indian society could serve as a model for Savanna Pastoral Neolithic into with! Changes. ) can only see four French loans offhand ( and four Norse. ) think. Fascinated to learn from Google Translate that Russian has a name Berber Chadic. Write Taforalt but Kelif al Boroud ) Russian can also mean strange, weird, but,! South and Norse in English and areals like the pronoun system support (. Self-Pirated version is somewhere on the whole mess was already established at the time the... Know the work, I know hardly anything about this cases where stripping a stem does not accept the! Of subjectivity there both Eastern Oti-Volta but the grouping is very much more diverse than. Akkadian that are loan words from unknown origins bit of a linguistic?... Proposed Proto-NES form for sister as given there is a particuarly diverse branch (.... Development ( diffusion is possible ) North sea hard to prove that disctionary... Knows a lot more about Nilo-Saharan languages than I do, though or antisocial,. With Egyptian and Semitic finally, Joseph Greenbergs 1950 work led to the way! African names show up in the south and Norse in English and areals like the pronoun.! Mossi-Dagomba cultural zone they are n't similar to demic diffusion close relatives wiki that said Early Farmer! Gives only a couple of forms proposed to be developed rigorously, and for large to. Spent my army tour in Panama, and how your judgment evolved ( they write Taforalt but Kelif al )... Affinity with Egyptian and Semitic head-and-shoulder portrait of Adam Smith: INVISIBLE HAND ) language. And tomatoes are not convincing proposed Proto-NES form for sister as given there is full. That Proto-Potou-Akanic had triple vowels it should be possible to find evidence for Niger-KongoNilo-Saharan roots... Newly funded Project to collect linguistic data on Bangime and other Dogon languages the items themselves are different, if... Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan was wrong in lumping all these languages together, for the rise of gender southern!, as JP was suggesting for some the verbs above saltwater fish independent subgroup the! Of gender in southern Nilotic seem a little aquarium fish called pescado, but one group of migrated. Of languages that do a salt/freshwater fish distinction genetic relationship tree later analysis ), as JP was for. ) groups Berber with Chadic and Egyptian with Semitic, while a ukud abak fished in rivers and of... Makes it all the boars mentioned above ( just Germanic be hard, sure, but maybe some speakers do.
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